Wall:-

Wall is a structure defining an exact area and providing safety & shelter. There are various types of walls used in the construction of buildings given below.

Types of Walls

• Load Bearing Walls
  • Precast Concrete Wall
  • Retaining Wall
  • Masonary wall
  • Pre Panelized Load Bearing Metal Stud Walls
  • Engineering Brick Wall
  • Stone Wall
• Non-Load Bearing Wall
  • Hollow Concrete Block
  • Facade Bricks
  • Hollow Bricks
  • Brick Walls
• Cavity walls
• Shear Walls
• Partition Walls
• Panel Walls
• Veneered Walls
• Faced Walls

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Mortar:- 

Mortar is a bonding agent which is generally produced by mixing cementing or binding material (lime or cement) and fine aggregate (sand , surki, sawdut, etc.) with water. Mortar is used to bind different building blocks like Brick stones, etc. It can also add a decorative pattern in brick or stone masonry. Mortar is being used since the dawn of civilization. 2000 years ago, the Egyptians used lime mortars.

1. Types of Mortar
2. Properties o good Mortar
3. The Functions of Sand in Mortar
4. Uses of Mortar
5. Precautions Required while using Mortar Mix
6. Lightweight Mortar

PROPERTIES OF GOOD MORTAR

It is always desirable to use the best mortar in constructions. Therefore, the properties of a good mortar must be investigated. Generally, good mortar possesses following properties-

• The main quality that mortar should possess is adhesion. Good mortar should provide good adhesion to building units (bricks, Stones etc).
• Mortar should be water resistant. It should have the capability of resisting the penetration of water.
• Deformability of mortar should be low.
• Mortar should be cheap.
• Mortar should be easily workable in the site condition.
• The mobility of mortar should be good. It helps the mortar to be paved thinly and evenly.
• It should possess high durability.
• To improve the speed of construction, good mortar should set quickly.
• Cracks should not be developed in the joint formed by mortar. It is desirable to last for long period of time without losing the appearance.

PROPERTIES OF GOOD MORTAR

Followings are the functions of sand as one of the ingredients of mortar.

• Generally, sand is not used in the mortar to increase its strength. Rather it is mainly used as an inert material to increase the volume of mortar for the economy.
• Using sand in the right amount can produce cheap mortar without hampering mortar strength.
• Sand subdivides the paste of cementing materials into a thin film which is the basic principle involved in using all cementing materials.
• Sand offers the requisite surface area for the film of cementing materials to adhere and to spread.
• Sand helps to prevent mortar shrinkage. It also prevents cracking of mortar during setting.
• Well-graded sand increases the density of mortar.
• Sand allows Carbon-Di-oxide from the atmosphere to reach to some depth in case of ft lime mortars and thereby improves their setting capability.
• It is also claimed that some chemical reaction takes place between silica (SiO₂) of sand grains and the constituents of the cementing materials to form a hardened mass.

USES OF MORTAR

Mortar, a bonding agent between building materials, is mainly a mixture of water, fine aggregate (sand, surki, etc) and binding material like cement, lime etc. The applications of mortar in various construction phase have made it a very important civil engineering material.

Some of the numerous functions of mortar in construction are given below.

1. Mortar is used to bind together the bricks or stones in brickor stone masonry.
2. It is used to give a soft even bed between different layers of brick or stone masonry for equal distribution of pressure over the bed.
3. It is used to fill up the spaces between bricks or stones for making walls tight.
4. It is used in concrete as a matrix.
5. It is used in plastering works to hide the joints and to improve appearance.
6. It is used for molding and ornamental purpose.

TYPES OF MORTAR

Mortar is produced by mixing a binding material (cement or lime) with fine aggregate (sand, surki, etc) with water. For construction purpose, different types of mortar are used. Depending upon the materials used for mortar mixture preparation, the mortar could be classified as follows.

1. Cement Mortar
2. Lime Mortar
3. Surki Mortar
4. Gauged Mortar
5. Mud Mortar

Cement Mortar

Cement mortar is a type of mortar where cement is used as binding material and sand is used as fine aggregate. Depending upon the desired strength, the cement to the sand proportion of cement mortar varies from 1:2 to 1:6.

Lime Mortar

Lime mortar is a type of mortar where lime (fat lime or hydraulic lime) is used as binding material and sand is used as fine aggregate. The lime to the sand proportion of cement mortar is kept 1:2. The pyramids at Giza are plastered with lime mortar.

Gauged Mortar

Gauged mortar is a type of mortar where cement and lime both are used as binding material and sand is used as fine aggregate. Basically, it is a lime mortar where cement is added to gain higher strength. The process is known as gauging. The cement to the lime proportion varies from 1:6 to 1:9. Gauged mortar is economical than cement concrete and also possess higher strength than lime mortar.

Surki Mortar

Surki mortar is a type of mortar where lime is used as binding material and surki is used as fine aggregate. Surki mortar is economic.

Mud Mortar

Mud mortar is a type of mortar where mud is used as binding material and sawdust, rice husk or cow-dung is used as fine aggregate. Mud mortar is useful where lime or cement is not available.

tags: mortar types, mortar mix, mortar cement, mortar for brick, mixture of sand and cement, cement masonry, mortar types for brick, brick mortar types, mortar ratio for brick masonry, masonry mortar types.

Fir

Fir is one of the world’s best-known timber species. It is a premier building product for a wide range of applications. It is a softwood species. Fir has a very straight grain. Fir has become the standard woods of choice for timber framing. Fir timber is used tin-housing, framing, flooring, lining fascias, bargeboards, and pergolas.

Advantages of Fir

•  Fir timber ranges in color.
• Fir machines and turns well.
• Fir is moderately durable.
• It is permeable.
• It Is moderately resistant to decay.
• Fir timber has a low shock resistance.
• It has a good strength.
• Fir can be satisfactorily bonded using the standard procedure.

Disadvantages of Fir

• Fir timber lacks tensile strength.
• It is extremely difficult to treat.
• Fir timber is very stiff.

Walnut

Walnut is a premium timber. It is a specialist hardwood. The grain is straight but it can be irregular. Walnut timber is really decorative. It carries a lot of design for the interior. It has a moderate natural lustre. Walnut timber is moderately durable. It is medium density.

Figure Source:

Advantages of Walnut

• Walnut gives vivid highlight to the grain.
• It works well with machine and hand tools.
• Walnut timber is good for turning and carving.
• The right glues and polishes can be successfully done in walnut timber.
• It stains and finishes well.
• Walnut timber responds well to steam bending.
• It has a good dimensional stability.
• It is shocking resistant.
• It has a fine texture.
• Overall walnut has a good strength.
• It has low stiffness.

Disadvantages of Walnut

•  Walnut is hard.
• It has been reported as a “sensitizer”.
• It includes eye and skin irritation.
• Walnut timber is high in the prices for a domestic species.
• It is susceptible to insect attack. Planer tear out can sometimes be a problem in walnut timber./li>
• It has a faint, mild odor while being worked.
• It has a medium maintenance movement.
• Walnut timber has difficulty to treat acid contents.
• Walnut timber finds the problem with density.
• It is not termite resistant.
• It is hard.

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Oak

Oak timber is a type of hardwood from the oak tree. It has been used as timber for thousands of years. It is straight grained. It is used for light construction most of the time. Oak timber is used for -homeware, wine barrels, firewood etc.

Figure Source: ig- thehouseoflongboat

Advantages of Oak

• Oak timber is exceedingly strong.
• It is durable.
• It has a long living nature.
• Oak timber is used for cladding.
• Oak timber is resistant to fungal attack.
• It takes glues, nails, and screws well.
• It is lighter in weight.
• Oak timber is resistant to decay.
• Oak timber is extremely resistant to preservative treatment.
• It is workable with machine or hand tools.

Disadvantages of Oak

• Oak timber is heavy.
• It is hard.
• It has low-moisture content.
• Oak timber is unsuitable for external use.
• It is difficult for oak timber to treat acid content.
• Oak timber reacts with iron, galvanized or copper nails.

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Mahogany

Mahogany is a high-quality timber. It is grown commercially almost in every continent. Mahogany is widely used in the furniture and cabinet building industry. It is made into plywoods and all kinds of trim. It displays hard grain. It is one of the softer of all the hardwoods that are commonly in use. It is moderate natural luster. The color of mahogany timber darkens with age. The texture is medium and uniform. The price of this timber is in mid-range.

Figure Source: ig-mebekoe_

Advantages of Mahogany

• Mahogany timber is very stable.
• It is resistant to termites.
• It is very easy to work with tools in mahogany timber.
• It cuts and machines easily.
• Mahogany timber sandy very easily.
• It turns glues, stains, and finishes well.
• It can bend without splintering or shattering.
• It possesses a slightly flexible quality.
• Mahogany timber can resist warping and twist for many years.
• It is long lasting, strong and beautiful.
• It contains high density.
• Each piece of timber is long.
• Mahogany timber is used for-veneers, musicals instruments, carving etc.

Disadvantages of Mahogany

• Mahogany timber is vulnerable to insects.
• It can tear out or chip during machining.
• It is reported as “sensitizer”.
• When mahogany timber gets in touch with water, a strong mahogany color comes up.
• Slight dulling of cutters can occur in this timber.
• Mahogany timber includes respiratory irritation in eye, skin which includes boil, nausea, dizziness, asthma type symptoms etc.
• It is vulnerable.

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Cherry

Cherry timber is grown as a tree plantation timber. Among different types of cherry timbers, black cherry timber is the largest of the native cherries and the only of commercial value. It is found throughout the Eastern United Nations. In cherry timber, the grain is generally straight. It is a hardwood. It has medium density and moderately durable. And used for small pieces of furnitures-veneers, handles, cabinets, scientific instruments etc.

Figure Source: ig-thepapercutlife

Advantages of Cherry

• Cherry timber is firm and strong.
• It has a fine and uniform texture.
• It works well and finishes smoothly.
• Cherry timber can contain pith flecks and gum pockets.
• It has a good workability.
• Cherry timber is easy to machine, nail, and glue.
• It is an excellent timber for turning and carving.
• It has good bending properties.
• It has low stiffness.
• Cherry timber is shock resistance.
• The best feature is it is used for high-end applications like furniture, cabinet making. Boat making and musical instruments.

Disadvantages of Cherry

• It is highly prized.
• Cherry timber is sensitive to UV.
• It can tear on cross-grain.
• Cherry timber doesn’t have a grand dimension.
• If stained, it gives blotchy results.
• The sawdust of cherry timber has been associated with respiratory effects such as wheezing.

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Cedar

Cedar is a timber of high quality. It comes from several different trees known as cedars. Where both strength and appearance of the exposed wood beams are important, cedar is the only savior and perfect fit for this. It is used in for-landscape, park, garden structure. Its moderate strength and softness make it unique. Cedar offers the advantage of the natural advantage. Basically, it is a workable material.

Figure Source: ig-cerno_group

Advantages of Cedar

• It is weather resistant.
• Cedar gives a natural wood look.
• Cedar is light in weight.
• It works easily.
• It is dimensionally stable.
• Cedar has long-time durability.
• Cedar has exceptional resistance to insects and decay.
• It is smooth to the touch.
• It has a high quality of consistency.
• It exhibits fairly prominent growth.
• Cedar shows high resistance to warping and twisting.
• Cedar helps to reduce noise in specific areas.
• It is sustainable.
• It is used in-cladding, decking, roofing, fencing.

Disadvantages of Cedar

• Cedar dust may be irritant.
• Cedar has low strength.
• Cedar can cause splintering during some operations.

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Birch

Birch is a great craft wood. It is an important source of hardwood timber. Birch is of many types like-yellow birch, white birch etc. Yellow birch is commonly used which is also known as grey birch, or swamp birch. It is a light reddish-brown colour. Birch gives low natural lustre.

Figure Source: ig-mod3building.

Advantages of Birch

• Birch is economical in most cases.
• Inner birch is aromatic.
• Birch is long-lasting.
• It is usually heavy, hard and strong.
• It is always easy to work with a birch and glues and it finishes well.
• Birch gives widely ranging appearances.
• Birch is suitable for high-quality furniture. Birch has great durability.
• Birch is used for creating strong plywood.
• Birch is waterproof.
• Birch can easily support a large structure .
• It is used in- boxes, crates, skateboards, furniture, and other wood items.
• Birch gives wavy fine texture.

Disadvantages of Birch

• Birch is perishable, readily rot and decay.
• Birch is susceptible to insect attack.
• Birch can cause tear-outs during machine operations.
• Birch is reported as “sensitizer” which includes respiratory irritation.
• Birch is slow-growing.
• Birch is harder than other hardwoods.

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Bamboo

Bamboo is a natural organic material. It is one of the most unique plants on earth. Bamboo is grown in abundance in many parts of the world, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Most timber producing bamboos are from South Asia. The color of bamboo timber is pale yellow to almost gold. It is an industrial material also identified as the most promising building material. Bamboo timber is an alternative to tropical hardwoods in recent years. It is available in many forms.

Figure: Bamboo Sports Hall for Panyaden International School.

Advantages of Bamboo

• Bamboos are fast growing and high yielding.
• They are easily renewable.
• Bamboos quickly reach full maturity after only one or two years.
• Bamboo timber has a unique earthy odor while being worked.
• Bamboo timber is energy extensive, processed and glued up imported products.
• Strong bamboo fibers have tensile strength.
• It is highly resistant to warping and cupping in ambient humidity.
• Bamboo timber requires little fertilizer.
• Grows initially at full width.
• Bamboo timbers are used in-veneer, paper, flute, window blinds, fishing rods, ladders, scaffolding, carving etc.

Disadvantages of Bamboo

• Bamboo timber is a polluting material.
• Bamboo timber requires special care.
• It is susceptible to insect attack.
• Bamboo fibers tend to split and pull out when being cross-cut.
• Bamboo timber has been reported to cause skin irritation.
• Decay fungi are present in bamboo timber.
• The price of this timber is much higher which exceeds the cost of domestic hardwoods sometimes.
• It is inconsistent.

Bamboo is a natural organic material. It is one of the most unique plants on earth. Bamboo is grown in abundance in many parts of the world, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Most timber producing bamboos are from South Asia. The color of bamboo timber is pale yellow to almost gold. It is an industrial material also identified as the most promising building material. Bamboo timber is an alternative to tropical hardwoods in recent years. It is available in many forms.

Figure: Bamboo Sports Hall for Panyaden International School.

Advantages of Bamboo

• Bamboos are fast growing and high yielding.
• They are easily renewable.
• Bamboos quickly reach full maturity after only one or two years.
• Bamboo timber has a unique earthy odor while being worked.
• Bamboo timber is energy extensive, processed and glued up imported products.
• Strong bamboo fibers have tensile strength.
• It is highly resistant to warping and cupping in ambient humidity.
• Bamboo timber requires little fertilizer.
• Grows initially at full width.
• Bamboo timbers are used in-veneer, paper, flute, window blinds, fishing rods, ladders, scaffolding, carving etc.

Disadvantages of Bamboo

• Bamboo timber is a polluting material.
• Bamboo timber requires special care.
• It is susceptible to insect attack.
• Bamboo fibers tend to split and pull out when being cross-cut.
• Bamboo timber has been reported to cause skin irritation.
• Decay fungi are present in bamboo timber.
• The price of this timber is much higher which exceeds the cost of domestic hardwoods sometimes.
• It is inconsistent.

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